ISOMERS AND ISOMERISM

                      ISOMERS AND ISOMERISM
      ISOMERISM ;    Isomirsm is a phenomenon in which some compounds show same chemical formulas but different structural formulas or different configration of groups or atoms in space .
ISOMERS ;       Isomers are the compounds having same chemical
formulas but different structural formulas or different arrangement of groups or atoms in their structurs . This different arrangement may due to the rotation of any group or atom about any specific bond .

              Difference between isomerism and isomer;                                                The difference between isomerism and isomers is only that isomerism is a phenomenon while isomers are compounds which are studied under this phenomenon .

TYPES OF ISOMERS ;

  . STERIOISOMER 

 . GEOMETRIC ISOMERS

 . OPTICAL ISOMERISM

 . EPIMERS  

 . ANOMERS 

 . ENANTIOMERS  

 . CHAIN ISOMERS

 .DIASTERIOMERS 

 . STRUCTURAL ISOMERS 

 . FUNCTIONAL GROUP ISOMERS 

 . POSITION ISOMERS

1)   STERIOISOMERS ; 

                                             Stereoisomers are a type of isomer where the order of the atoms in the two molecules is the same but their arrangement in space is different.This arrangement is different due to the rotation of groups about a bond .
2)  GEOMETRIC ISOMERS ;
                                                         

 

                                                  
                                                                                              Geometric isomers are molecules that have same moleculas and structural formulas but differs in arrangement of groups or atoms in space and these groups are locked due to the presence of double bond. It is a type of statioisomers . it is also called cis-trans isomerism . 


3)  OPTICAL ISOMERS ;     

      Optical isomers are molecules that differ three-dimensionally by the placement of substituents around one or more atoms in a molecule . Due these isomers the concept of rotation of plane polarized was understood. These are also a type of statioisomers.

4)  EPIMERS ; 

                                                                           Epimer refers to one of a pair of stereoisomers. The two isomers differ in configuration at only one stereogenic center. All other stereocenters in the molecules, if any, are the same in each. 

As in above example mannose and glucose are epimers as the difference of groups at C 2.

5)   ANOMERS ;

                                             Anomers are the apimers which differ in arrangement of groups or atoms on anomeric C atom of monosacchrides present in cyclic form . C 1 in aldoses and C 2 in ketoses in ring structure is called anomeric C atom . Basically it is apimeric C atom but due to the refrence of anomerism it is called anomeric C atom . It is the C atom in ring structure of carbohydrates which determins mutarotation .

6) ENANTIOMERS ; 

           

                                                                            Enantiomers are the molecules which are mirror images of each  other in structure . They show same chemical properties but different behaviour . As in above struture D-glucose and L-glucose are enantiomers of each other .

7)  DIASTERIOMERS ;

                                   Diasteriomers are sterioisomers which are not mirror image of each other but show difference in arrangement of groups on one or more equivalent steriocenters . As a clear difference between enantiomers and diasteriomers is shown in above fig. Diasteriomers also show different chemical properties ..............